Depression is a mood disorder marked by a prolonged state of sadness or irritability, often accompanied by changes in sleep, appetite, energy level, and concentration. It is diagnosed based on criteria outlined in manuals like the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition) and can vary in severity from mild to severe.

Understanding the symptoms of depression is the first step toward seeking help. Common signs include:

• Persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness
• Loss of interest in hobbies and activities
• Fatigue or decreased energy levels
• Changes in appetite or weight fluctuations
• Sleep disturbances (insomnia or excessive sleeping)
• Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
• Thoughts of self-harm or suicide

These symptoms can significantly impair daily functioning, making early recognition and intervention essential.

Depression does not have a single cause but typically results from a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Key contributors include:

• Genetic predisposition: A family history of depression can increase risk.
• Biological factors: Imbalances in brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) such as serotonin and dopamine.
• Environmental influences: Stressful life events, trauma, or chronic illness.
• Psychological and social factors: Low self-esteem, prolonged loneliness, or interpersonal conflicts.

Fortunately, several effective treatments exist for depression. These include:

• Psychotherapy: Approaches such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) help individuals identify and modify negative thought patterns.
• Medications: Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs) can help restore the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain.
• Lifestyle modifications: Regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and improved sleep hygiene can play a supportive role in managing symptoms.
• Alternative therapies: Mindfulness, meditation, and stress-reduction techniques offer additional benefits.