Types of Vaginal Discharge

Normal vaginal discharge varies throughout the menstrual cycle, depending on hormone levels. Common types include:

1. Clear and Watery: This may occur at any time of the month and is especially common after exercise.
2. Clear and Stretchy: Around ovulation (the time when you are most fertile), the discharge may become clear and stretchy, like raw egg whites.
3. White or Milky: White discharge at the beginning or end of your menstrual cycle is normal. However, if it is thick and accompanied by itching or irritation, it could indicate a yeast infection.
4. Brown or Bloody: This may be normal, especially after your period. However, if it occurs at other times, it could indicate a more serious problem, such as irregular menstruation or, in rare cases, cervical cancer.

When is Vaginal Discharge a Concern?

 While vaginal discharge is usually normal, certain changes in the discharge can indicate an infection or other health problem. You should see a healthcare provider if you experience:

• Unusual colour: Yellow, green, or grey discharge.
• Strong odour: Foul-smelling or fishy odour.
• Change in consistency: Frothy or thick, cottage cheese-like discharge.
• Itching, burning, or irritation: In or around the vagina.
• Pain during urination or sex.

Common Causes of Abnormal Vaginal Discharge:

1. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Caused by an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina. Symptoms include a thin, greyish discharge with a strong, fishy odour, especially after sex. It is common in women of reproductive age. It can cause preterm prelabour rupture of membrane in pregnant women.
2. Yeast Infection (Candidiasis): Caused by an overgrowth of yeast (a type of fungus) in the vagina. Symptoms include thick, white discharge (like cottage cheese), intense itching, redness, and irritation. Yeast infections are treatable with antifungal medications.
3. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Infections such as gonorrhoea, chlamydia, or trichomoniasis can cause abnormal discharge. Gonorrhoea or chlamydia may cause yellow or green discharge and pain during urination or sex. Trichomoniasis often causes frothy, yellow-green discharge with a strong smell. STIs are preventable through condom use and treatable with medications, but untreated infections can lead to complications like infertility.
4. Cervical or Uterine Infections: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a serious infection of the reproductive organs, often caused by untreated STIs. It is an ascending infection affecting the upper reproductive tract. Symptoms include foul-smelling discharge, fever, pelvic pain, and abnormal bleeding.
5. Poor Hygiene or Irritation: Wearing tight clothing, using scented soaps, or douching can cause irritation and abnormal discharge. In many rural or underserved areas, access to water and proper hygiene can sometimes be a challenge, which may increase the risk of infections.

Vaginal Discharge and Social Stigma 

In some parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, discussing reproductive health, including vaginal discharge, may be sensitive due to cultural taboos or social stigma. This can prevent women from seeking timely medical advice. It’s important to understand that vaginal discharge is a normal part of being a woman, and abnormal changes are a health concern that needs attention, not something to be embarrassed about.

Preventing Abnormal Vaginal Discharge

• Maintain Good Hygiene: Wash the vaginal area with clean water. Avoid using harsh chemicals or douches, as they can upset the natural balance of bacteria.
• Wear Breathable Clothing: Use cotton underwear and avoid tight-fitting clothes that trap moisture and heat, as this can promote yeast growth.
• Safe Sexual Practices: Use condoms to protect against STIs and get tested regularly if sexually active.
• Avoid Unnecessary Antibiotics: Overuse of antibiotics can kill healthy bacteria in the vagina, leading to infections like bacterial vaginosis or yeast infections.
• Balanced Diet: Eating a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and probiotics (like yogurt) can support overall vaginal health.

Accessing Healthcare in Sub-Saharan Africa

Healthcare access may be limited in some regions, especially rural areas, but it is crucial to seek medical advice if you notice any concerning changes in vaginal discharge. Many clinics and community health workers can offer treatment for common vaginal infections like yeast infections, bacterial vaginosis, and STIs. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications such as infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and more serious infections like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).

If you're unable to visit a doctor immediately, some symptoms might improve with over-the-counter antifungal treatments or better hygiene practices. However, it's always best to consult a healthcare provider for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Myths and Misconceptions About Vaginal Discharge

Myth: Vaginal discharge means a woman is unclean.

Fact: Normal vaginal discharge is a natural part of a woman's reproductive health and is important for keeping the vagina healthy.

Myth: Douching helps keep the vagina clean. 

Fact: Douching disrupts the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina and can lead to infections.

Myth: Vaginal discharge only happens if a woman is sexually active. 

Fact: Vaginal discharge is normal for all women, regardless of sexual activity.