Eclampsia can develop suddenly and without warning, particularly in women who have not been diagnosed with preeclampsia. The main symptom is seizures, but other signs may include:

• Severe headaches that do not go away.
• Blurred vision or temporary loss of vision, and sensitivity to light.
• Confusion or loss of consciousness.
• Severe upper abdominal pain, especially under the ribs on the right side.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Swelling of the face, hands, and feet.
• Difficulty breathing.

Seizures can cause the mother to lose consciousness, fall, or experience muscle spasms. These seizures can harm the mother’s brain, heart, liver, and kidneys, and pose serious risks to the baby. If left untreated, eclampsia can result in coma, permanent disability, or death.

Eclampsia often develops as a progression of preeclampsia, although the exact cause is not fully understood. Risk factors include:

• Preeclampsia: The most significant risk factor for eclampsia. Preeclampsia is characterized by high blood pressure and the presence of protein in the urine during pregnancy and up till 6 weeks after the end of pregnancy.
• First pregnancy: Eclampsia is more common in first-time mothers.
• Family history: If your mother or sister had preeclampsia or eclampsia, you are at higher risk.
• Multiple pregnancies: Carrying twins or triplets increases the risk.
• Young or older age: Pregnant women under 20 or over 40 have a higher risk of eclampsia.
• High blood pressure: Women with chronic hypertension (high blood pressure) are more likely to develop eclampsia.
• Diabetes or kidney disease: Pre-existing health conditions increase the likelihood of eclampsia.

Eclampsia is a medical emergency because it can lead to:

• Severe organ damage: Eclampsia can affect vital organs like the brain, liver, and kidneys.
• Coma or death: Without immediate treatment, eclampsia can lead to coma and death for both the mother and baby.
• Premature birth: To save the mother and baby, early delivery (often by caesarean section) may be necessary, which can lead to premature birth and its attendant sequelae in the  the baby. For instance, a baby that is born pre-maturely can have breathing problems, intestinal problems, reduced ability to fight infections.
• Placental abruption: The placenta may suddenly detach from the uterus as a result of the high blood pressure before delivery, causing heavy bleeding and putting both mother and baby at risk.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, where healthcare resources can be scarce and transportation to hospitals may be difficult, eclampsia can be even more dangerous. Delays in getting care increase the risk of severe complications or death.

Eclampsia is often diagnosed when a pregnant woman with preeclampsia experiences seizures. However, it can be identified by monitoring for early signs of preeclampsia, such as high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and other symptoms like headaches, visual changes, and leg swelling.

• Blood tests: To check liver and kidney function and platelet levels.
• Blood pressure monitoring: Regular blood pressure checks during pregnancy can help detect preeclampsia early, before it progresses to eclampsia.
• Urine tests: To check for the presence of protein in the urine, which is a sign of kidney damage.

Immediate Care for Seizures:

Anticonvulsant medication: A medication medicine like magnesium sulphate is typically given to control and prevent seizures. It is essential in managing eclampsia and is often available in hospitals and health centers in many regions of Sub-Saharan Africa.

Lowering blood pressure: Medications to control blood pressure are critical in preventing further complications.

Delivery of the Baby:

The only way to cure eclampsia is to deliver the baby. Depending on how far along the pregnancy is, healthcare providers may decide to induce labour or perform a caesarean section. Since the cause of this condition is traceable to the placenta, the fastest way of delivering the baby and the placenta is usually employed.

In some cases, doctors may need to deliver the baby early (preterm) to save the mother’s life. While premature babies may face health challenges, modern care can improve their survival rates

Postpartum Care:

• Monitoring: Even after delivery, women can still have high blood pressure and be at risk of seizures, so monitoring and treatment continue after childbirth.
• Follow-up visits: Postnatal care is essential to check the mother’s recovery and monitor blood pressure levels after the baby is born.
• Cultural and Healthcare Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa
• In some regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, several factors can make it harder to detect and treat eclampsia early:

1. Limited access to healthcare: Many women in rural areas do not have access to regular prenatal care, making it difficult to detect preeclampsia or manage eclampsia early.
2. Cultural beliefs: Some communities may have traditional beliefs or taboos around pregnancy and childbirth that discourage women from seeking modern medical care.
3. Lack of transportation: In remote areas, getting to a health center or hospital can be difficult, especially in emergencies.

Efforts such as community health worker programs and mobile health clinics can play a vital role in educating women about the dangers of eclampsia and ensuring they receive proper care. Village health volunteers can also help monitor pregnant women for signs of preeclampsia and refer them to healthcare facilities when needed.

While eclampsia cannot always be prevented, the following steps can reduce your risk:

• Attend regular prenatal check-ups: Even if you feel well, regular visits allow healthcare providers to monitor your blood pressure and detect preeclampsia early.
• Monitor your blood pressure: If you have a history of high blood pressure, work with your healthcare provider to keep it under control.
• Follow your doctor's advice: If you are prescribed medications to manage blood pressure or prevent seizures, take them as directed.
• Eat a healthy diet: Focus on a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to maintain overall health during pregnancy.
• Rest and reduce stress: Avoid overexerting yourself and take time to rest during your pregnancy, especially if you are at higher risk of preeclampsia.