Author's details
- Dr. Khashau Eleburuike
- MBBS (Ilorin) MSc. Global Health Karolinska Institute.
- Resident doctor in family medicine in Northern Sweden.
Reviewer's details
- Dr Austin Okoro Chigozie
- MBBS, MWACS, MPH, FWACS.
- Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist. Evercare Hospital. Lekki. Nigeria
- Date Published: 2025-03-12
- Date Updated: 2025-03-12
Gynecological Cancers: Information for Women in Sub-Saharan Africa
What Are Gynecological Cancers?
Gynecological cancers are cancers that affect a woman’s reproductive organs. These include:
Cervical cancer: Cancer of the cervix (the lower part of the uterus).
Ovarian cancer: Cancer of the ovaries (where eggs are stored).
Uterine (endometrial) cancer: Cancer of the lining of the uterus.
Uterine Sarcomas: Cancer of the uterine muscles.
Vaginal and vulvar cancers: Cancers of the vagina and external genital area.
In Sub-Saharan Africa, the awareness and early detection of gynecological cancers are limited in some areas, and many women may not seek care until the disease is advanced. However, early detection can save lives, and there are steps women can take to reduce their risk.
Certain factors increase the risk of developing gynecological cancers:
Cervical cancer: The most common gynecological cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa, linked to persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted virus.
Ovarian cancer: Risk increases with age, family history, and certain genetic factors.
Uterine cancer: More common in postmenopausal women, especially those who are overweight or have diabetes.
Vaginal and vulvar cancers: Often associated with HPV infection, age, and history of genital warts.
Symptoms of gynecological cancers may vary depending on the type, but common signs include:
Abnormal bleeding: Heavy bleeding between periods, after sex, or post-menopause.
Pelvic pain or pressure: Pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis that doesn’t go away.
Unusual vaginal discharge: A discharge that may be foul-smelling or bloody.
Pain during sexual intercourse: Discomfort or pain during sex.
Swelling or bloating: Particularly with ovarian cancer, this can be accompanied by changes in appetite.
- Cervical Cancer Prevention
HPV vaccination: Vaccinating girls before they become sexually active can significantly reduce the risk of cervical cancer. In many Sub-Saharan African countries, HPV vaccines are being introduced as part of national immunization programs.
Screening: Regular cervical screening (Pap smear HPV DNA ) can detect early changes before cancer develops. However, access to screening may be limited in rural areas. Encouraging women to visit health centers regularly for screening can help detect early signs.
2. Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle:
Healthy weight: Maintaining a healthy weight through balanced nutrition and exercise can reduce the risk of uterine and ovarian cancers.
Limit tobacco and alcohol: Smoking and excessive drinking increase the risk of several cancers, including gynecological ones.
Safe sexual practices: Using condoms and having fewer sexual partners can reduce the risk of HPV-related cancers.
3. Awareness and Education: In Sub-Saharan Africa, many women may not be aware of the signs and risks of gynecological cancers. Community health workers and local health programs can help by providing information and encouraging early visits to health centers.
If diagnosed early, many gynecological cancers can be treated successfully. Treatment options include:
Surgery: Removal of the tumor or affected organ, such as a hysterectomy for uterine cancer.
Radiotherapy: Using radiation to kill cancer cells.
Chemotherapy: Drugs that target and destroy cancer cells.
Targeted therapy: Newer treatments that target cancer cells more precisely.
In Sub-Saharan Africa, access to advanced cancer treatments can be limited, especially in rural areas. However, there are increasing efforts to improve access to cancer care and support systems for women diagnosed with cancer.
It is important to see a healthcare provider if you experience any unusual symptoms, such as abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, or changes in vaginal discharge. Early detection increases the chances of successful treatment.
Gynecological cancers are serious but treatable if detected early. In Sub-Saharan Africa, improving awareness, access to screening, and education about preventive measures such as the HPV vaccine can significantly reduce the burden of these cancers. Women are encouraged to seek medical advice and regular check-ups, as well as to maintain a healthy lifestyle to reduce their risk.
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